| Catalog number | RC-CF29 |
| Summary | Detection of Canine Dirofilaria immitis antigens, Anaplasma antibodies, E. canis antibodies within 10 minutes |
| Principle | One-step immunochromatographic assay |
| Detection Targets | CHW Ag : Dirofilaria immitis antigens Anapalsma Ab : Anaplasma antibodiesE. canis Ab : E. canis antibodies |
| Sample | Canine Whole Blood, Plasma or Serum |
| Reading time | 10 minutes |
| Quantity | 1 box (kit) = 10 devices (Individual packing) |
| Contents | Test kit, Buffer bottle, and Disposable dropper |
| Storage | Room Temperature (at 2 ~ 30℃) |
| Expiration | 24 months after manufacturing |
| Caution | Use within 10 minutes after openingUse appropriate amount of sample (0.01 ml of a dropper) Use after 15~30 minutes at RT if they are stored under cold circumstances Consider the test results as invalid after 10 minutes |
The bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly Ehrilichia phagocytophila) may cause infection in several animal species including human. The disease in domestic ruminants is also called tick-borne fever (TBF), and has been known for at least 200 years. Bacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae are gram-negative, nonmotile, coccoid to ellipsoid organisms, varying in size from 0.2 to 2.0um diameter. They are obligate aerobes, lacking a glycolytic pathway, and all are obligate intracellular parasites. All species in the genus Anaplasma inhabit membrane-lined vacuoles in immature or mature hematopoietic cells of mammalian host. A phagocytophilum infects neutrophils and the term granulocytotropic refers to infected neutrophils. Rarely organisms, have been found in eosinophils.
Anaplasma phagocytophilumCommon clinical signs of canine anaplasmosis include high fever, lethargy, depression and polyarthritis. Neurologic signs (ataxia, seizures and neck pain) can also be seen. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection is seldom fatal unless complicated by other infections. Direct losses, crippling conditions and production losses have been observed in lambs. Abortion and impaired spermatogenesis in sheep and cattle have been recorded. The severity of the infection is influenced by several factors, such as variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum involved, other pathogens, age, immune status and condition of the host, and factors such as climate and management. It should be mentioned that clinical manifestations in humans range from a mild selflimited flu-like illness, to a life-threatening infection. However, most human infections probably result in minimal or no clinical manifestations.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is transmitted by ixodid ticks. In the United States the principal vectors are Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus, while Ixode ricinus has been found to be the main exophilic vector in Europe. Anaplasma phagocytophilum is transstadially transmitted by these vector ticks, and there is no evidence of transovarial transmission. Most studies to date that have investigated the importance of mammalian hosts of A. phagocytophilum and its tick vectors have focused on rodents but this organism has a wide mammalian host range, infecting domesticated cats, dogs, sheep, cows, and horses.
Indirect immunofluorescence assay is the principal test used to detect infection. The acute and convalescent phase serum samples can be evaluated to look for a four-fold change in antibody titer to Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Intracellular inclusions (morulea) are visualized in granulocytes on Wright or Gimsa stained blood smears. Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) methods are used to detect Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA.No vaccine is available to prevent Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. Prevention relies on avoidnig exposure to the tick vector (Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes pacificus, and Ixode ricinus) from spring through fall, prophylatic use of antiacaricides, and prophylactic use of doxycycline or tetracycline when visiting Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes pacificus, and Ixode ricinus tick-endemic regions.Ehrlichia canis is a small and rod shaped parasites transmitted by the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. E. canis is the cause of classical ehrlichiosis in dogs. Dogs may be infected by several Ehrlichia spp. but the most common one causing canine ehrlichiosis is E. canis.
E. canis has now been known to have spread all over the United States, Europe, South America, Asia and the Mediterranean.
Infected dogs that are not treated can become asymptomatic carriers of the disease for years and eventually die from massive hemorrhage.
Ehrlichia canis infection in dogs is divided into 3 stages;
ACUTE PHASE: This is generally a very mild phase. The dog will be listless, off food, and may have enlarged lymph nodes. There may be fever as well but rarely does this phase kill a dog. Most clear the organism on their own but some will go on to the next phase.
SUBCLINICAL PHASE: In this phase, the dog appears normal. The organism has sequestered in the spleen and is essentially hiding out there.
CHRONIC PHASE: In this phase the dog gets sick again. Up to 60% of dogs infected with E. canis will have abnormal bleeding due to reduced platelets numbers. Deep inflammation in the eyes called “uveitis” may occur as a result of the long term immune stimulation. Neurologic effects may also be seen.Definitive diagnosis of Ehrlichia canis requires visualization of morula within monocytes on cytology, detection of E. canis serum antibodies with the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and/or gel blotting (Western immunoblotting).
The mainstay of prevention of canine ehrlichiosis is tick control. The drug of choice for treatment for all forms of ehrlichiosis is doxycycline for at least one month. There should be dramatic clinical improvement within 24-48 hours following initiation of treatment in dogs with acute-phase or mild chronic-phase disease. During this time, platelet counts begin to increase and should be normal within 14 days after initiation of treatment.
After infection, it is possible to become re-infected; immunity is not lasting after a previous infection.The best prevention of ehrlichiosis is to keep dogs free of ticks. This should include checking the skin daily for ticks and treating dogs with tick control. Since ticks carry other devastating diseases, such as Lyme disease, anaplasmosis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, it's important to keep dogs tick-free.